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The text translated as the 'Treatise on Rights' (Risalat al-huqūq) was written by the fourth Imam in Shiʻi Islam, Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713). The translation is both correct and vague, because huqūq does transmit the sense of 'rights', but it is only one among multiple meanings. The purpose of this essay is to make a contribution to the understanding of the term haqq, the plural of which is huqūq, by referencing a text of early Islam and considering the plurality and superposition of its semantic levels with the purpose of stimulating potential exercises of comparative political and legal theory. As a result, eight different but interconnected levels of meaning can be identified comprising ethical-religious, legal and ontological dimensions. ; El texto traducido como el 'Tratado de los derechos' (Risalat al-huqūq) fue escrito por el cuarto imam chiita, Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713). La traducción es, a la vez, acertada e imprecisa, pues huqūq incluye el sentido de 'derechos' pero no se reduce, en absoluto, a él. El propósito de este ensayo es hacer una contribución al entendimiento del término haqq, cuyo plural es huqūq, apelando a un texto del islam temprano y considerando la pluralidad y superposición de sus niveles semánticos, con miras a nutrir potenciales ejercicios de teoría política y jurídica comparada. Como resultado pueden identificarse 8 niveles de sentido diferentes, pero interconectados, que comprenden dimensiones ético-religiosas, jurídicas y ontológicas. ; O texto traduzido como o "Tratado dos direitos" ( Risalat al-huqūq) foi escrito pelo quarto imam shiita Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713. A tradução é, ao mesmo tempo, adequada e imprecisa, pois huqūq inclui o sentido de 'direitos', porém não se reduz a esse. O propósito deste ensaio é, portanto, contribuir ao entendimento do termo haqq, cujo plural é huqūq, com base num texto do islã antigo e considerando a pluralidade e a superposição dos seus níveis semánticos, no intuito de alimentar potenciais exercícios de teoria política e jurídica comparadas. Como ...

The contingency of social and political phenomena has been addressed by various contemporary theories. The topic circulates in historical sociology, Luhmann's system theory, historical institutionalism, counterfactual history, or post-Marxism, associated, among others, to the disruptive and abrupt character of certain historical processes, the cross points of initially independent causal series, the inconsistency of all order, the coexistence of possible worlds or the electivity associated with the agency. As part of that constellation, and along with a case study, the sociologist Charles Kurzman speaks of the "anti-explanation". The purpose of such is not just to question, on that basis, any predictive haste of the social sciences, but the very possibility of causally analyzing contingent phenomena such as revolutions and social movements. The text seeks to develop a counterargument to this thesis, moving along the epistemological and historical-social double plane in which Kurzman operates and showing, at the same time, its filiation and resonance with post-Marxist positions. With the purpose of integrating the contingency with the explanation of the type of phenomena mentioned, concepts such as downward causation, catalysts, complex loops, and causal mechanisms are used. ; La contingencia de los fenómenos sociales y políticos ha sido abordada por diversas teorías contemporáneas. El tema circula en la sociología histórica, la teoría de sistemas de Luhmann, el institucionalismo histórico, la historia contrafáctica o el posmarxismo, asociado, entre otras, al carácter disruptivo y abrupto de ciertos procesos históricos, al cruce de series causales inicialmente independientes, a la inconsistencia de todo orden, a la coexistencia de mundos posibles o a la electividad asociada a la agencia. Como parte de esa constelación, y de la mano de un estudio de caso, el sociólogo Charles Kurzman habla de "anti-explicación". Su propósito no es solo cuestionar, sobre esa base, cualquier afán predictivo de las ciencias sociales, ...

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Schelling is not acknowledged as a political thinker. His writing Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom, in particular, seems to be a relevant text from an ontological and theological point of view, but not from a political one. However, it is possible to interpret it in such terms if one considers (1) its deliberate intervention in a certain historical-political context and its allusions to it, (2) its ontotheological understanding of human history and, within it, the emergence of a "new kingdom" and (3) his understanding of philosophy as an impulse to a new kind of spirituality. Such elements allow us to speak of a Political Theology in the Freiheitsschrift. ; Schelling no es reconocido como pensador político. Su Escrito sobre la libertad, en particular, pareciera un texto relevante exclusivamente desde un punto de vista ontológico y teológico. No obstante, es posible interpretarlo en términos políticos considerando (1) su deliberada intervención en cierto contexto histórico-político y sus alusiones al mismo; (2) su lectura en clave ontoteológica de la historia humana y, en ella, del surgimiento de un "nuevo reino"; y (3) su comprensión de la filosofía como impulso a un nuevo tipo de espiritualidad. La suma de esos elementos permite hablar de una teología política en el Freiheitsschrif.